INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN INDIA: UNVEILING THE URGENT NEED FOR LEGISLATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION BY - SHUBHAM VASHIST

Authors : SHUBHAM VASHIST

Registration ID : 106047 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6047

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : shubham.vashist204@gmail.com

Page No : 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-73429115/FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN INDIA

RIGHT TO EQUALITY & RULE OF LAW: A CONCEPTUAL STUDY FOR ADMINISTRATION OF DUE JUSTICE BY - ABHISHEK KARAN & DR. A.K. SINGHAL

Authors : ABHISHEK KARAN & DR. A.K. SINGHAL

Registration ID : 106045 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6045 & IJLRA46

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : abhishekkaran040196@gmail.com & ashish.singhal@iudehradun.edu.in

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-12457289/RIGHT TO EQUALITY & RULE OF LAW

RAMIFICATIONS OF CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA: A STUDY BY: AAYUSHI KUMARI & KUMAR SAURABH

Authors : AAYUSHI KUMARI & KUMAR SAURABH

Registration ID : 106043 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6043 & IJLRA6044

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : aayushisharma0288@gmail.com & ksaurabh39@gmail.com

Page No : 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-67136356/RAMIFICATIONS OF CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE

GLOBALIZATION- SOCIO AND LEGAL THREAT TO THE INDIGENEITY OF HIMALAYAN NATIVE BY - NABAMITA PURKAYASTHA & HARSH VARDHAN SINGH

Authors : NABAMITA PURKAYASTHA & HARSH VARDHAN SINGH

Registration ID : 106041 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6041 & IJLRA6050

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : nabamita520@gmail.com & harshvardhan.hnlu@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : ttps://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-11881693/GLOBALIZATION

"A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND SOCIETAL PERCEPTIONS OF MARITAL RAPE IN INDIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES" BY - GAURAV CHAUDHARY AND BALJINDER SINGH

Authors : GAURAV CHAUDHARY AND BALJINDER SINGH

Registration ID : 106040 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6040

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : gaurav.chaudhary2021@nludelhi.ac.in & baljinder.singh19@nludelhi.ac.in

Page No : 20 | No of times Downloads: 0065

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THE NON-CRIMINALISATION OF MARITAL RAPE IN INDIA BY - MADHUMITHA SHANKAR

Authors : MADHUMITHA SHANKAR

Registration ID : 106039 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6039

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : madhu.mithas22@nludelhi.ac.in

Page No : 11 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-86265379/THE NON-CRIMINALISATION

CUSTOM AS A SOURCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW BY - YATI YADAV

Authors : YATI YADAV

Registration ID : 106038 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6038

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : yatu.yadav77@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-88382611/CUSTOM AS A SOURCE

DELEGATED LEGISLATION IN INDIA AND USA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY - POOJA KUMARI

Authors : POOJA KUMARI

Registration ID : 106037 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6037

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : advpooja.law@gmail.com

Page No : 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-55562237/DELEGATED LEGISLATION IN INDIA AND USA

TRADE RELATION DURING CORONA -VIRUS PANDEMIC BY: HARSHITA PRAKASH

Authors : HARSHITA PRAKASH

Registration ID : 106036 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6036

Year : Sep -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : harshitaprakash123@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/09.2023-82989736/TRADE RELATION DURING CORONA

ISSUES, CONCERNS AND REGULATION OF FAKE NEWS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS BY - Ms. Vibhuti Tabiyar & Dr. S. Krishnan

Authors : Ms. Vibhuti Tabiyar & Dr. S. Krishnan

Registration ID : 106034 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6034 & IJLRA6035

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : s.krishnan22@gmail.com

Page No : 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

[5] Laksmi Anantnarayan, Shabana Diler, Natasha Menon, The Clitoral Hood A Contested Site: Khafd or Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C), WESPEAKOUT (Sept. 16, 2023, 3:17 pm), https://narisamatamanch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Khafd-or-Female-Genital-MutilationCutting-FGMC-in-India_A-Report.pdf

[6] Mariya Taher, Understanding Female Genital Cutting in the Dawoodi Bohra Community: An Exploratory Survey, Sahiyo (Sept. 16, 2023, 3:20 pm), https://sahiyo.org/images/resource-pdf/sahiyo_report_final-5.21.19.pdf

[7] Kirti Bhargava, Does India Need A Law To Curb Female Genital Mutilation? What Has FGM To Do With Religion?, Outlook India, (Nov. 17, 2022, 5:08 pm), https://www.outlookindia.com/national/does-india-need-a-law-to-curb-female-genital-mutilation-what-has-fgm-to-do-with-religion--news-238125

[9] Masooma Ranalvi, Modi govt in denial about female genital mutilation in India. Collect data, let states ban it, ThePrint, (Nov. 23, 2022, 10:41 am), https://theprint.in/opinion/modi-govt-in-denial-about-female-genital-mutilation-in-india-collect-data-let-states-ban-it/1230724/

[11] World Bank, Compendium of international and national legal frameworks on female genital mutilation (5th ed. 2021).

[12] UN General Assembly, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December 1979, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm.

[15] Bridie Jabour, Australia's first female genital mutilation trial: how a bright young girl convinced a jury, The Guardian, (Nov. 13, 2015, 6:28 am), https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/nov/13/female-genital-mutilation-trial-young-girl-convinced-jury-australia

[16] Pec?iu?riene?, J. (2013) Good practices in Combating female genital mutilation. Luxembourg: Publications Office.

[18] Shalini Nair, No official data on existence of Female Genital Mutilation in India, Centre tells SC, The Indian Express, (Dec. 28, 2017, 07:16 am), https://indianexpress.com/article/india/no-official-data-on-existence-of-female-genital-mutilation-in-india-centre-tells-sc-5001780/

[26]Eliminating female genital mutilation: An interagency statement OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCHR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO (2008). Geneva: World Health Organization.

[27] Al-Sabbagh, M.L. (1998) Islamic ruling on male and female circumcision. Alexandria: World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean.

[28] Kassamali N. Genital cutting. [ed.] Suad Joseph. Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures. Brill-Leiden, 2006, Vol. III, p 129–134.

[30] Laksmi Anantnarayan, Shabana Diler, Natasha Menon, The Clitoral Hood A Contested Site: Khafd or Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C), WESPEAKOUT (Sept. 16, 2023, 3:17 pm), https://narisamatamanch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Khafd-or-Female-Genital-MutilationCutting-FGMC-in-India_A-Report.pdf

[31] Rasheeda Bhagat, India: Ban this barbarous practice!, Stop FGM Middle East, (July 29, 2014), http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/india-ban-this-barbarous-practice/

[1]Student of L.L.M., ICFAI Law School, ICFAI University, Dehradun.

[2]Associate Professor, ICFAI Law School, ICFAI University, Dehradun.

^{^[1]} United Nations International Police Task Force, 1996.

^{^[2]} Dagdu v. State of Maharashtra, (1977) 3 SCC 68.

[3] R.E. AlIen, Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (1990) p.286.

Custody according to shorter Oxford Dictionary, means safe keeping, protection, charge, care, guardian ship; M.C.Desai, Venkata Ramaiya’s Law Lexicon with Legal Maxims (1996) p.574.

[4] Gurdial Singh v. Emperor, AIR 1932 Lah. 609, p. 611. In fact, actual detention or confinement is not essential, suffice it will be if the accused is submitted to custody by action or by word of the police; N.K. Jain, Custodial Crimes – An Affront To Human Dignity, Human Rights (2000) p. 64.

[5] Mihir Adhikary v. State, 1983 Cri LJ (Cal) 1559.

[6] Collins Cobuild, English Language Dictionary (1992) p.1546.

[7] SAHELI-A Women Resource Centre v. Police Commissioner of Delhi, AIR 1990 SC 513.

[8] D.K.Basu v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1997 SC 610.

[9] Shailendre Mishra, Police Brutality: An Analysis of Police Behavior (1986) pp.32-33.

[10] Nithya Ramakrishnan, In custody: Law, Impunity and Prisoner Abuse in South Asia 5 ( Sage Publication Ltd., 2013).

[13]https://www.academia.edu/9267466/CONCEPT_OF_CUSTODIAL_VIOLENCE_AND_TYPES_OF_TORTUE

[15] https://knowlaw.in/index.php/2023/05/22/indian-police-custodial-violence-and-interrogations/

[17]https://www.clearias.com/custodialviolence/#:~:text=It%20sometimes%20leads%20to%20psychological,social%20hatred%2C%20and%20many%20more.

[18]https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading

[19] https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/the-prevention-of-torture-bill-2010

[20] Article 3- “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.”

[21] Article 5- “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”

[22] Article 11-“(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.”

[23]https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights#:~:text=the%20present%20Covenant.-,Article%207,to%20medical%20or%20scientific%20experimentation.

[24]https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ncrb-report-gujarat-records-highest-custodial-deaths-in-india-1140709.html

[25] https://knowlaw.in/index.php/2023/02/19/riding-the-roughshod-is-it-time-to-ratify-uncat/

[26]https://cjp.org.in/why-has-india-still-not-ratified-un-convention-against-torture/#:~:text=India%20signed%20it%20but%20did,binding%20as%20per%20international%20law.

[27] Article 20- “(1) No person shall be convicted of an offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.

(2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.

(3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.”

[28] Smith v. Director, Serious Fraud Office, (1992)3 ALL EF 456 (463); People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, (2004)9 SCC 580.

[1] Rizwana Aleem Quereshi and Gilani, Zaheer Yousaf, ‘Indigenous Medicinal plants used by Local Women In Southern Himalayan Regions Of Pakistan’( 2009) Pak. J. Bot 41(1)< http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/41(1)/PJB41(1)019.pdf>

[2] Robert F. Schroeder, ‘Himalayan Subsistence Systems: Indigenous Agriculture in Rural Nepal’ (2017) 14 International Mountain Society< http://www.jstor.org/stable/3673221>

[3] Sanjoy Hazarika and Reshmi Banerjee, ‘Gender, Poverty and Livelihood in the Eastern Himalaya’< https://books.google.co.in/books>

[4] C P Joshi and B B Singh, ‘Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge in Kumaon Hills of Uttaranchal’(2006) 19,24 Vol 5(1) Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge< http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/researchjournals/rejour/ijtk/Fulltextsearch/2006/January%202006/IJTK-Vol%205(1)-January%202006-pp%2019-24.htm>

[6] Piyoosh Rautela and Bhavna Karki, ‘Impact of Climate Change on Life and Livelihood of Indigenous People of Higher Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India’(2015) Vol 3, No.4, 112- 124 American Journal of Environment Protectionhttp://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/PDFs/Disaster%20Data/Disaster%20Data%20Uttarakhand/Papers/Impact_of_Climate_Change.pdf

[7] Parul Rani and Nagendra Kumar, ‘Man- Eaters of Kumaon: a Critique of Modernity’(2017) Vol.IX, No.1, Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanitieshttps://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v9n1.21

[8] Ghanshyam Sharma and Bharat K. Pradhan, ‘Traditional Knowledge and Access and Benefit Sharing in the context of Himalayan States’ (2002) ISBN: 978-3-031-16185-8

[9] Ulia Popova, ‘Conservation, Traditional Knowledge, and Indigenous Peoples’ 2013 Volume 58 Issue 1, Sage Journal https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213495043

[10] Gunvi Rattra,’Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights’ Legal Service India E Journal

[11] Deepthi Rodda, ‘Biopiracy Analysis of Existing International and Indian Legal Framework’(2020) Volume III, Issue II International Journal of Law, Management And Humanities

[12] Gurdial Singh Nijar, ‘The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing of Genetic Resources: Analysis and Implementation Options for Developing Countries’(2011) South Centre

[13] Stephen B. Brush, ‘Indigenous Knowledge of Biological Resources, and Intellectual Property Rights: The Role of Anthropology’ (1993)653 95 American Anthropologist

[14] Adarsh Kishore, ‘Towards an Indian Approach to Globalization’(2020) Manupatra

[15] Ayushman Sagar, ‘INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE & PATENT ISSUES: With reference to Turmeric, Neem & Basmati Rice’(2021) Manupatra

[16] Shaila Seshia Galvin, ‘Becoming Organic: Nature and Agriculture in the Indian Himalaya’ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=F98mEAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA278&ots=-v46n_i1DG&dq=globalization%20and%20legal%20impact%20in%20himalaya%20region&pg=PA260#v=onepage&q=globalization%20and%20legal%20impact%20in%20himalaya%20region&f=false

[18] Gerard Toffin and Joanna Plaff- Czarnecka, ‘Facing Globalization in the Himalayas: Belonging and the Politics of the Self’ (2014)484 Sage Publications Indiahttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=1Ho6BAAAQBAJ&dq=globalization+impact+on+Himalayan+indigenous&source=gbs_navlinks_s

[1] Ph.D. Scholar At National Law University, Delhi

[2] Ph.D. Scholar At National Law University, Delhi

[3] Bhupinder Sharma v. State of Himachal Pradesh, AIR 2003 SC 4684

[4] Brooke Flagler, A Brief History of rape law, The Feminist Poetry Movement (Dec 13, 2019),

[6] Gelles, Richard J. “Power, Sex, and Violence: The Case of Marital Rape.” 26.(4.) The Family Coordinator 339, 339-347 (1977).

[7] Pamini Kasera, A Historical Analysis of Rape Laws in India, SSRN (June 5, 2020), https://ssrn.com/abstract=3619807.

[11] S v. HM Advocate, 1989 S.L.T. 469; R. v J [1991] 1 All E.R. 759 Independent, January 3, 1991, Guardian, January 18, 1991

[12] Criminal law and penal methods reform committee of south australia, Special Report – Rape and Other Sexual Offences (1976, Government Printer, Adelade, South Australia)

[13] South Australia Legislative Council, Parliamentary Debates, Peter Duncan, Attorney-General (9th November 1976) pp 1942-1943

[14] Weishaupt v. Commonwealth, 315 S.E. 2nd 847 (Va. 1984)

[15] Free Speech: Report of Ezra H. Heywood’s Defence Before the United States Court in Boston, April 10, 11 and 12, 1883, at 16

[16] S.C. Code § 16-3-652, criminal sexual conduct in the first degree; S.C. Code 16-3-600(C)(1), assault and battery in the first degree

[17] KI Vibhute, Rape within Marriage in India, 27 Indian Bar Review 167 (2000).

[18] Narendra Kumar v. State (NCT of Delhi), AIR 2012 SC 2281

[20] To Have and To Hold, The Marital Rape Exemption and Fourteenth Amendment, 99(6) Harvard Law Review 1256 (1986)

[21] (Exception) —Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.]

[22] (Sixthly) — With or without her consent, when she is under sixteen years of age. Explanation. - Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse necessary to the offence of rape.

[23] 375. Rape. - A man is said to commit “rape” who, except in the case hereinafter excepted, has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling under any of the six following descriptions: -

(First) — Against her will.

(Secondly) —Without her consent.

(Thirdly) — With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested in fear of death or of hurt.

(Fourthly) —With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband, and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.

[25] 2022 SCC OnLine Del 1404...

https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/01/06/analysing-the-delhi-high-courts-approach-towards-presumption-of-constitutionality-in-marital-rape-case-rit-foundation-v-union-of-india-a-case-comment/

[29] The Current Legal Framework on Marital Rape in India, Helpline Law, https://www.helplinelaw.com/family-law/CLFM/thecurrent-legal-framework-on-marital-rape-in-india.html Last Accessed July 3 2021

[30] Cr. Appeal No. 1277 of 2014 (SLP(CRL.) No. 9127 of 2013)

[32] https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-II_0.pdf

[33] https://www.equalitynow.org/news_and_insights/a-ruling-on-marital-rape-in-india-is-coming-up-heres-why-you-should-be-watching-closely/

^{^[1]} Lisa R Eskow, ‘The Ultimate Weapon?: Demythologizing Spousal Rape and Reconceptualizing Its Prosecution’ (1996) 48(3) Stanford Law Review 677, XXXX <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229280> accessed 8 May 2023.

^{^[2]} Debdatta Das, ‘Marital Rape: the Assassination of a Woman's Dignity’ (2010) LVII The Indian Police Journal 62, XXXX <https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/9412520126-April%20June%202010.pdf> accessed 4 May 2023.

^{^[3]} The Indian Penal Code, No 45, 6 October 1860 (India), XXXX.

^{^[4]} Indian Penal Code (42, Law Commission of India 1971) XXXX.

^{^[5]} The Indian Penal Code, No 45, 6 October 1860 (India), XXXX.

^{^[6]} Report of Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law (Justice JS Verma Committee 2013) XXXX.

^{^[7]} Report on The Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2012 (Parliament Standing Committee Report 167, Standing Committee on Home Affairs 2015) XXXX.

^{^[8]} Raveena Rao Kallakuru and Pradyumna Soni, ‘Criminalisation of Marital Rape in India: Understanding its Constitutional, Cultural and Legal Impact’ [2018] NUJS Law Review XXXX.

^{^[9]} Independent Thought v Union of India, Supreme Court of India, 11 October 2017, SC 4904, AIR (India) XXXX.

^{^[10]} Hrishikesh Sahoo v State of Karnataka, Karnataka High Court, 23 March 2022, 145, 2 KCCR (India) XXXX.

^{^[11]} RIT Foundation v Union of India, Delhi High Court, 11 May 2022, 1404, SCC OnLine Del (India) XXXX.

^{^[12]} X v Health and Family Welfare Department, Govt, Supreme Court of India, 29 September 2022, 1321, SCC OnLine SC (India) XXXX.

^{^[13]} Review of Rape Laws (Report No. 172, Law Commission of India 2000) XXXX.

^{^[14]} T Sareetha v T Venkata Subbaiah, Andhra Pradesh High Court, 1 July 1983, 356, AIR 1983 AP (India) XXXX.

^{^[15]} Raveena Rao Kallakuru and Pradyumna Soni, ‘Criminalisation of Marital Rape in India: Understanding its Constitutional, Cultural and Legal Impact’ [2018] NUJS Law Review XXXX.

^{^[16]} Tan Cheng Han, ‘Marital Rape - Removing the Husband's Legal Immunity’ (1989) 31(1) Malay Law Review 112, XXXX.

^{^[17]} Raveena Rao Kallakuru and Pradyumna Soni, ‘Criminalisation of Marital Rape in India: Understanding its Constitutional, Cultural and Legal Impact’ [2018] NUJS Law Review XXXX.

^{^[19]} Tan Cheng Han, ‘Marital Rape - Removing the Husband's Legal Immunity’ (1989) 31(1) Malay Law Review 112, XXXX.

^{^[20]} RIT Foundation v Union of India, Delhi High Court, 11 May 2022, 1404, SCC OnLine Del (India) XXXX.

^{^[21]} The Indian Penal Code, No 45, 6 October 1860 (India), XXXX.

^{^[22]} The Indian Penal Code, No 45, 6 October 1860 (India), XXXX.

^{^[23]} The Indian Penal Code, No 45, 6 October 1860 (India), XXXX.

^{^[24]} Raveena Rao Kallakuru and Pradyumna Soni, ‘Criminalisation of Marital Rape in India: Understanding its Constitutional, Cultural and Legal Impact’ [2018] NUJS Law Review XXXX.

^{^[25]} RIT Foundation v Union of India, Delhi High Court, 11 May 2022, 1404, SCC OnLine Del (India) XXXX.

^{^[26]} Sushil Kumar Sharma v Union of India, Supreme Court of India, 19 July 2005, 3100, AIR 2005 SC (India) XXXX.

^{^[27]} Tan Cheng Han, ‘Marital Rape - Removing the Husband's Legal Immunity’ (1989) 31(1) Malay Law Review 112, XXXX.

^{^[28]} RIT Foundation v Union of India, Delhi High Court, 11 May 2022, 1404, SCC OnLine Del (India) XXXX.

^{^[29]} RIT Foundation v Union of India, Delhi High Court, 11 May 2022, 1404, SCC OnLine Del (India) XXXX.

^{^[30]} Tan Cheng Han, ‘Marital Rape - Removing the Husband's Legal Immunity’ (1989) 31(1) Malay Law Review 112, XXXX.

^{^[31]} Rebecca M Ryan, ‘The Sex Right: A Legal History of the Marital Rape Exemption’ (1995) 20(04) Law & Social Inquiry 941, XXXX <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1995.tb00697.x> accessed 8 May 2023.

^{^[32]} Lisa R Eskow, ‘The Ultimate Weapon?: Demythologizing Spousal Rape and Reconceptualizing Its Prosecution’ (1996) 48(3) Stanford Law Review 677, XXXX <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229280> accessed 8 May 2023.

^{^[33]} Lisa R Eskow, ‘The Ultimate Weapon?: Demythologizing Spousal Rape and Reconceptualizing Its Prosecution’ (1996) 48(3) Stanford Law Review 677, XXXX <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229280> accessed 8 May 2023.

^{^[34]} Geetanjali Gangoli, ‘Controlling women's sexuality: rape law in India’, International approaches to rape (Policy Press 2011) XXXX <http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847426208.003.0006> accessed 9 May 2023.

^{^[35]} Srimati Basu, ‘Sexual Property: Staging Rape and Marriage in Indian Law and Feminist Theory’ (2011) 37(1) Feminist Studies 185, XXXX <http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/fem.2011.0018> accessed 9 May 2023.

^{^[36]} Stellina Jolly and MS Raste, ‘Rape and Marriage: Reflections on the Past, present and Future’ (2006) 48(2) Journal of the Indian Law Institute 277, XXXX.

[1] This Research Paper article is authored by Yati Yadav, a 5^th-year Year Law Student at Manav Rachna University’s School of Law.

[3] Public international law concerns how nations and related organizations interact and conduct themselves. Multinational enterprises and individuals may also be marginally impacted by international law, and this impact is rapidly extending beyond how local laws are perceived and applied. Public international law has grown in significance and application over the past 20 years as a result of increased international trade, environmental damage, concern for human rights abuses, international travel, and global communication.

[5] Article 38(1) of the International Court of Justice's statutes

The Court will use the following sources to decide any disputes that are brought to it in accordance with international law:

a. general or specific international conventions establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;

b. international custom as proof of a widespread practice accepted as law;

c. the general principles of law acknowledged by civilized nations; and d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions, and the Tribunal's rulings.

[6] In accordance with Article 38 of its rules, the International Court of Justice is supposed to "follow international customs" and base its rulings on international law. As a result, the Court is required to take into account actions that are frequently acknowledged and regarded as legitimate.

[9] “When a majority of nations agree that having a binding legal rule or principle prescribing, allowing, or forbidding particular behavior is desirable now or in the near future, it becomes a customary international law norm. This opinion qualifies as opinio juris and is sufficient to establish a standard of customary law.”

[10] Decided in the International Court of Justice on February 20, 1969

[11] Decided in the International Court of Justice on November 20, 1950

[2]P. Ramanatha Aiyar’s, The Law Lexicon, 3^rd Edition.

[3]Gwalior Rayon Silk Manufacturing (wvg.) Co. Ltd. V. The Assistant Commissioner of Sales Tax.

[4] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, LexisNexis, 8th Edition.

[5]Agricultural Market Committee v. Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd., AIR 1997 SC 2502.

[6] Cecil T. Carr, Delegated Legislation: Three Lectures, Cambridge University Press, April, 2016.

[8]Prag Ice & Oil Mills v. Union of India, (1978) 3 SCC 459.

[12] Yashomati Ghosh, Textbook on Administrative Law, LexisNexis, 1^st Edition, 2016.

[13] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, LexisNexis, 8th Edition.

[15] Cecil T. Carr, Delegated Legislation: Three Lectures, Cambridge University Press, April, 2016.

[16] Yashomati Ghosh, Textbook on Administrative Law, LexisNexis, 1^st Edition, 2016.

[17] Yashomati Ghosh, Textbook on Administrative Law, LexisNexis, 1^st Edition, 2016.

[1] J. Soll, “The Long and Brutal History of Fake News,” POLITICO Magazine, Dec. 18, 2016. http://politi.co/2FaV5W9 (accessed Jan. 02, 2023).

[2] See Resolution on EU Strategic Communication to Counteract Propaganda Against it by Third Parties, EUR. PARL. DOC. PV 23/11/2016 - 10.6 (2016).

[3] Robert G. Parkinson, Fake news? That’s a Very Old Story., WASH. POST, Nov. 25, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fake-news-thats-a-very-old-story/2016/ 11/25/c8b1f3d4-b330-11e6-861652b15787add0_story.html?utm_term=.3497739aeb9d.

[4] Yeoman, “‘That’s Fake News!,’” The Saturday Evening Post, Jul. 06, 2022. https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2022/07/thats-fake-news/ (accessed Jan. 06, 2023).

[5] M. Wendling, “The (Almost) Complete History of ‘Fake News,’” BBC News, Jan. 22, 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-42724320 (accessed Jan. 02, 2023).

[6] Merriam-Webster, “The Real Story of ‘Fake News,’” Mar. 23, 2017. https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-real-story-of-fake-news (accessed Jan. 02, 2023).

[7] Levy, Neil. 2017. “The Bad News About Fake News.” Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 6: 20–36; Rini, Regina. 2017. “Fake News and Partisan Epistemology.” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. https://kiej.georgetown.edu/fake-news-partisan-epistemology/; Gelfert, Axel. 2018. “Fake News: A Definition.” Informal Logic 38: 84–117; Mukerji, Nikil. 2018. “What is Fake News?” Ergo 5: 923–946; Jaster, Romy, and David Lanius. 2018. “What is Fake News?” Versus 2: 207–227; Aikin, Scott F., and Robert B. Talisse. 2018. “On “Fake News”.” 3 Quarks Daily. https:// www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2018/05/on-fake-news.html.

[8] Gelfert, Axel. 2018. “Fake News: A Definition.” Informal Logic 38: 84–117.

[9] Talisse, Robert B. 2018. “There’s No Such Thing as Fake News (And That’s Bad News).” 3: AM Magazine. https://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/theres-no-such-thing-as-fakenews-and-thats-bad-news/; Habgood-Coote, Joshua. 2019. “Stop Talking about Fake News!” Inquiry 62: 1033–1065

[10] Gelfert, Axel. 2018. “Fake News: A Definition.” Informal Logic 38: 84–117.

[11] Habgood-Coote, Joshua. 2019. “Stop Talking about Fake News!” Inquiry 62: 1033–1065.

[12] Talisse, Robert B. 2018. “There’s No Such Thing as Fake News (And That’s Bad News).” 3: AM Magazine. https://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/theres-no-such-thing-as-fakenews-and-thats-bad-news/

[13] Habgood-Coote, Joshua. 2019. “Stop Talking about Fake News!” Inquiry 62: 1033–1065.

[14] Joshua Humphrey, The Plague ofFake News and the Intersection with Trademark Law, 8 CYBARIS AN. INTELL. PROP. L. REV. 126, 133 (2017).

[17] Emma Jane Kirby, The City Getting Rich from Fake News, BBC NEWS (Dec. 5, 2016), http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-38168281.

[23] Aaron Blake, Kellyanne Conway Says Donald Trump's Team has 'Alternative Facts.' Which Pretty Much Says It All, WASH. POST (Jan. 22, 2017), https://www.washingtonpost.com /news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/22/kellyanne-conway-says-donald-trumps-team-has-alternate-fact s-which-pretty-much-says-it-all/?noredirect=on&utm term=.cab8 1 d437929.

[25] Jan-Willem H. Bullee et al., The Persuasion and Security Awareness Experiment: Reducing the Success of Social Engineering Attacks, 11 J. ExP. CRIMINOLOGY 97, 97 (2015), https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/1 0.1 007%2Fs 1292-014-9222-7.pdf.

[27] Ross Todd, Facebook Lawyer Details 'Fake News' Fight, RECORDER (July 20, 2017), https://wwi.law.com/therecorder/almlD/1 202793548492/Facebook-Lawyer-Details-FakeNews-Fight/?s1retum=20180506182425.

[28] Phillip N. Meyer, Alternative Facts and the Law: Is Justice a Reality?, ABA J. (June 2017), http://www.abajoumal.com/magazine/article/altemative facts-law-justicejreality.

[30] Rosa Flores, Pope Warns Against 'Fake News' and Likens it to 'Crafty Serpent' in Genesis, CNN (Feb. 26, 2018), https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/24/world/pope-condemnsfake-news/index.html; Paulina Dedaj, Pope Criticizes 'Fake News, Calls it a 'Grave Sin', Fox NEWS (Dec. 18, 2017), http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/12/18/pope-criticizes-fakenews-calls-it-grave-sin.html.

[31] Gleb Tsipursky, Towards a Post-Lie Future, HUMANIST (Feb. 21, 2017), https://thehumanist.com/magazine/march-april-2017/features/towards-post-lies-future.

[36] Mick O'Leary, Fact-Checkers Resist Alternative Facts, QUESTIA (Oct. 2017), https://www.questia.com/magazine/1Gl-507185452/fact-checkers-resist-alternative-facts

[37] Amrita Khal id, The Best Political Fact-Checking Sites on the Internet, DAILY DOT (Sept. 21, 2016), https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/best-fact-checking-websites/.

[40] ABA Rolls Out New Fact Check Website to Help Separate Legal Fact From Fiction, ABA (Sept. 1, 2017), https://www.americanbar.org/news/abanews/aba-news-archives/2017/0 8/aba rolls out newfa/

[41] Hilarie Bass, ABA Legal Fact Check Sorts Fact from Fiction On Legal Issues, ABA J. (Jan. 2018), http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/aba_1egal-fact_check.

[43] Fake News Ads are Reportedly Popping Up On Fact-Checking Websites, Fox NEWS (Oct. 19, 2017), http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2017/10/19/fake-news-ads-are-reportedlypopping-up-on-fact-checking-websites.html.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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