THE DARKSIDE THAT DWELLS IN THE SHADOW OF JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY BY - MARIA PHILIP MAMPILLY & ROHAN AJOY KADAVAN

Authors : MARIA PHILIP MAMPILLY & ROHAN AJOY KADAVAN

Registration ID : 106090 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6090 & IJLRA6091

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : 22jgls-mpmampilly@jgu.edu.in & 23jgls-rohan1@jgu.edu.in

Page No : 08 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-46888548/THE DARKSIDE THAT DWELLS IN THE SHADOW OF JOINT AN

COMMUNAL RIOTS IN INDIA AND ITS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF MUZAFFARNAGAR AND GUJARAT RIOTS. BY - DR VRINDA MOHAN P & AKSHAT

Authors : DR VRINDA MOHAN P & AKSHAT

Registration ID : 106088 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6088 & IJLRA89

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Vrinda.MohanP@nmims.edu & singla.akshat01@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-74824499/COMMUNAL RIOTS IN INDIA AND ITS SOCIAL IMPLICATION

AVIATION ACCIDENT: DISPUTE & LIABILITIES BY - KISHORI GOSWAMI

Authors : KISHORI GOSWAMI

Registration ID : 106087 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6087

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : pritee.deotale@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-71845978/AVIATION ACCIDENT: DISPUTE & LIABILITIES

THE ROLE OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN COMBATING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN INDIA by - Manju Sonkar

Authors : Manju Sonkar

Registration ID : 106086 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6086

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : centreforacademicassistance@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-15312624/THE ROLE OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN COMBATING GENDER-B

THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, INCLUDING ACCESS TO ABORTION SERVICES by - Sakshi Soni

Authors : Sakshi Soni

Registration ID : 106084 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6084 & IJLRA6085

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : sakshisoni818@gmail.com & professionalutkarsh96@gmail.com

Page No : 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-68752677/Kumari, The ‘Living Goddess’ Of Nepal: Divine

ANALYSING THE AMBIT OF WORKMEN DUES UNDER IBC, 2016 By - Shreya Sharma

Authors : Shreya Sharma

Registration ID : 106083 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6083

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : sharmass0022@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-14548242/E-Governance Under Indian Business Laws

ISLAM AND WOMEN : INDIAN PERSPECTIVE BY - PRASHANT DALAKOTI & PIYUSH DWIVEDI

Authors : PRASHANT DALAKOTI & PIYUSH DWIVEDI

Registration ID : 106082 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6081 & IJLRA6082

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : prashantdalakoti66@gmail.com & dwivedipiyush6@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-54668138/ISLAM AND WOMEN : INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

A STUDY ON WILDFIRE AND ITS HAZARDOUS EFFECTS ON OUR ENVIRONMENT BY: B. THIRUMURUGAN & M. NAREN KARTHIKK

Authors : B. THIRUMURUGAN & M. NAREN KARTHIKK

Registration ID : 106079 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6079 & IJLRA6080

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : thirubhuvan0405@gmail.com & narenkarthikk13@gmail.com

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-42419124/A STUDY ON WILDFIRE AND ITS HAZARDOUS EFFECTS ON O

LAWS GOVERNING RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA BY - PRITEE DEOTALE

Authors : PRITEE DEOTALE

Registration ID : 106078 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6078

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : pritee.deotale@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2023-34268314/LAWS GOVERNING RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA

Metaverse And Climate By - Shrayash Shriwas

Authors : Shrayash Shriwas

Registration ID : 106077 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6077

Year : Oct -2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Shrayashshrivas786@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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[1] Fíeedman, Waííen. Defenses to Píoducts Liability: A Píimeí foí Plaintiffs and Defendants. Buffalo, William S. Hein & Co., Inc.

[2] McBride NJ and Varuhas J, Letters to a Law Student (4th edn, Pearson 2022)

[1] Wilichowski, Tracy. ‘Premeditated Causes of the 2002 Gujarat Pogrom: A Comprehensive Analysis of Contributing Factors That Led to the Manifestation of the Riots’, Oshkosh Scholar December 2012: 128-144

[2](19 Metropolitan Cities: Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Coimbatore, Delhi, Ghaziabad, Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur, Kanpur, Kochi, Kolkata, Kozhikode, Lucknow, Mumbai, Nagpur, Patna, Pune and Surat)

[3]Crime in India 2020 | National Crime Records Bureau, https://ncrb.gov.in/en/Crime-in-India-2020

[4]Kirpal, Raman. "How SP, BJP, BSP politicians gave their blessings as Muzaffarnagar burned", First Post, 5 November 2013.

[5]Siddiqui, Furqan Ameen, "UP turns its back on Muzaffarnagar's gang-rape victims", Hindustan Times, 7 December 2013, Accessed on 19 June, 2021

[6]Anand, Utkarsh , "SC holds Akhilesh govt guilty of negligence, orders arrest of all Muzaffarnagar accused", The Indian Express, 8 April 2014, Accessed on 15 june 2021

[7]Engineer, Asghar Ali. ‘Gujarat Riots in the Light of the History of Communal Violence’. Economic and Political Weekly 37, no. 50 (2002): 5047–54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412966.

[8]Jaffrelot, Christophe. ‘Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?’, Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics, 17 (2003). https://doi.org/10.11588/HEIDOK.00004127.

[1] Responsible for enforcing air safety, transport service and air standard

[2] Responsible for building and upgrading infrastructure related to aviation both on ground and air

[3] Responsible for determination of tariff of aeronautical services and Passenger service fees and assess the standard based on performance relating to quality and continuity of that service.

[4] The Principle of Absolute liability makes the individual absolutely liable for damage caused by the escape of a hazardous substance without any exceptions irrespective of the individual's intent in causing such damage or harm

[5] When a defendant is liable for committing an action, regardless of what his/her intent or mental state was when committing the action.

[6] Vicarious liability, or imputed liability, is a legal rule that holds a person or company responsible for actions committed by others or by their employees

[7] According to Winfield and Jolowicz, Negligence is the breach of a legal duty of care by the plaintiff which results in undesired damage to the plaintiff.

[8] Purposely touching or applying force on other persons or things related to the person without his consent with the intention to harm the person is known as a battery

[9] an act of the defendant that gives the plaintiff reasonable fear of the defendant inflicting a battery on him.

[10] A breach of contract is a failure, without legal excuse, to perform any promise that forms all or part of the contract.

[11] :a relationship in which one party places special trust, confidence, and reliance in and is influenced by another who has a fiduciary duty to act for the benefit of the party

[13] Air transport service, air cargo and air taxi operator.

[14] Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India, civilaviation.gov.in

[15] Responsible for enforcing air safety, transport service and air standard

[16] Responsible for building and upgrading infrastructure related to aviation both on ground and air

[17] Responsible for determination of tariff of aeronautical services and Passenger service fees and assess the standard based on performance relating to quality and continuity of that service.

[18] Responsible for ensuring that country is following international standards and international policies to which it is signatories.

[19] Here code of conduct refers to those disruptive act

[20] As per article 22 of Warsaw convention

[21] A court will have jurisdiction provided that the carrier is an ordinary resident, carries on business, or has an establishment in that area

[22] The Principle of Absolute liability makes the individual absolutely liable for damage caused by the escape of a hazardous substance without any exceptions irrespective of the individual's intent in causing such damage or harm

[23] When a defendant is liable for committing an action, regardless of what his/her intent or mental state was when committing the action.

[24] Vicarious liability, or imputed liability, is a legal rule that holds a person or company responsible for actions committed by others or by their employees

[25] According to Winfield and Jolowicz, Negligence is the breach of a legal duty of care by the plaintiff which results in undesired damage to the plaintiff.

[26] Purposely touching or applying force on other persons or things related to the person without his consent with the intention to harm the person is known as a battery

[27] an act of the defendant that gives the plaintiff reasonable fear of the defendant inflicting a battery on him.

[28] A breach of contract is a failure, without legal excuse, to perform any promise that forms all or part of the contract.

[29] :a relationship in which one party places special trust, confidence, and reliance in and is influenced by another who has a fiduciary duty to act for the benefit of the party

[30] General assembly, Council, Air Navigation commission, Air transport committee, Legal Committee, joint support committee, air navigation service and secteriat.

[31] For example inquiry has been conducted by Korea when the accident occurs to its Air Line flight KE007.

[32] The Pact of Bogota provides Commissions of Investigation and Conciliation which must be convened by the Council of Organization of American States at the request of either Party involved in the dispute. Thus conciliation may be defined as a ‘method for the settlement of international disputes of any nature according to which a commission set up by the parties, either on a permanent basis or on an ad hoc basis to deal with a dispute, proceeds to the impartial examination of the dispute and attempts to define the terms of a settlement susceptible of being accepted by them, or of affording the parties, with a view to its settlement, such aid as they may have requested

[1] Kumari, S. S., Suman, B. A., Kiranmai, D., & Bhardwaj, A. (2023). DHEERA reaching the young, a novel approach addressing gender?based violence in India. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics.

[2] Chauhan, K. K. Gender-Based Discrimination and Disparities in India.

[3] Ganguly, S. (2023). Sexual Gender-Based Violence Policy Implementation in India. International Journal of Gender Studies, 8(2), 1-9.

[4] Mehra, D., Srivastava, S., Chandra, M., Srivastava, N., Laaksonen, M., Saarinen, H. E., & Mehra, S. (2023). Effect of physical mobility, decision making and economic empowerment on gender-based violence among married youth in India-SAWERA project. BMC public health, 23(1), 1-14.

[5] JAWDEKAR, M. M. (2023). Navigating Women-Oriented Legal Frameworks: A Critical Examination Of Laws Addressing Gender-Based Violence And Empowerment. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture, 34, 1946-1955.

[6] Raghav, M., & Marwaha, S. S. (2023). Indian Legal Framework on the Right to Privacy in Cyberspace-Issues and Challenges. Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 17(1), 1-16.

[7] Moin, M. A. M., & Singh, J. (2023). Social Changes as Causes of Legal Changes in India. Issue 2 Indian JL & Legal Rsch., 5, 1.

[8] Kulshreshtha, N. (2023). The contemporary status of rape shield laws in India. The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 27(1), 3-25.

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[18] Kumar, T. (2021). The culture of patriarchy, gender bias, and class discrimination in Mahesh Dattani’s Tara. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(S1), 60-69.

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[1] Parmanand Katara v. Union of India, (1989) 3 S.C.R.997.

[2] Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 18 December 1979,Art. 4(2), 5(b), 10(h), 11(1)(f), 12, 14(2)(b), 16, G.A. Res. 34/180 U.N. GAOR, 34th Session.

[3] Apparel Export Promotion Council v. Chopra, (1999) 1 SCR 117.

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[1]Datey VS, Taxmann’s Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Ready Reckoner (1st edn, Taxmann 2023) .

[2]Katti Apoorva and Venkatesh Neha, ‘A Critical And Comparative Analysis Of The '”Waterfall Mechanism” Provided under Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016’ 4 Indian Journal of Law & Legal Research.

[6]Mandan Ramchandra, ‘Have the IBC Doors Shut for Workmen & Employees? | SCC Blog’ [2020] SCC OnLine Blog OpEd accessed 22 September 2023.

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[8]Sixteenth Loksabha, ‘Report of The Joint Committee on The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code’ (2014) accessed 24 September 2023.

[9]JK Jute Mill Mazdoor Morcha v. Juggilal Kamlapat Jute Mills Company Ltd. Through Its Director & Ors. AIR 2019 SC 2138

[11]Sunil Kumar Jain versus Sundaresh Bhatt(2022) 7 SCC 540

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[1] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, available at : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_populations (last visited on December 19. 2022)

[2] Abdul Rahim, Muslim Jurisprudence, 31 (Allahabad Law Agency, Allahabad, 2^nd edn., 2014)

[4] Niaz A. Shah, “The Position of Women in Pre- and Post- Islamic Arabia, in Women, the Koran and International Human Rights Law” 25-44 (Brill, vol. 4, 2006)

[6] W. Roberston Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia 74 ( Adam and Charles Black, London 1903)

[8] Early World Civilizations (Lumen), available at : https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Book%3A_Early_World_Civilizations_(Lumen)/Ch._07_The_Rise_and_Spread_of_Islam/08.6%3A_The_Quran (last visited on December.20,2022)

[9] Prof. Abdur Rahman, “Women in the Quran and the Sunnah”, available at : https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/woman_quran.html (last visited on December 20,2022)

[14] Aqil Ahmad, Mohammedan Law, (Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 27^th edn., 2021)

[16] Flavia Agnes, Women & Law in India, 33 (Oxford University Press, UK, 2016).

[19] Abur Rahim, The Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, (Allahabad Law Agency, Allahabad, 8^th edn., 2017).

[20] Mulla, Islamic Law 269 (Lexis Nexis: Buttersworth Publications)

[21] Swetha Ravidas, “ Divorce under Muslim Personal law talaq and talaq-e-tafweez” April 25, 2020, available at : https://legalsarcasm.com/legal-notes/divorce-under-muslim-personal-law-talaq-and-talaq-e-tafweez/. (Last visited on December 24,2022)

[22] Mohd. Ahmad Khan v. Shah Bano Begum And Ors AIR 1985 SC 945.

[23] Danial Latifi v. Union of India (2001) 7 SCC 740

[24] Shayara Bano v. Union of India and Ors. (2017) 9 SCC 1

[25] Manjur Hossain Patoari, ”The Rights of Women in Islam and Some Misconceptions: An Analysis from Bangladesh Perspective” (Beijing Law Review, Vol.10 No.5, 2019)

[27] A. Rezvani, “Review of the Economic and Political Rights of Women Based on Islam’s View” 187-190 (International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 2013)

(April 23, 2019).

[3] Center For Climate and Energy Solutions, OUTCOMES OF THE U.N. CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE IN PARIS, 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 21), December 2015.

[4] 48(A) Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife.“State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country”.

[5] Electricirty Act 2003, Section 3. (National Electricity Policy and Plan) --- (1) The Central Government shall, from time to time, prepare the National Electricity Policy and tariff policy, in consultation with the State Governments and the Authority for development of the power system based on optimal utilization of resources such as coal, natural gas, nuclear substances or materials, hydro and renewable sources of energy.

[6] Electricity Act 2003, Section 61. (Tariff regulations): The Appropriate Commission shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, specify the terms and conditions for the determination of tariff, and in doing so, shall be guided by the following, namely (h) the promotion of co-generation and generation of electricity from renewable sources of energy.

[7] Electricity Act 2003, Section 63. (Determination of tariff by bidding process): Notwithstanding anything contained in section 62, the Appropriate Commission shall adopt the tariff if such tariff has been determined through transparent process of bidding in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Central Government.

[8]P R Krithika and Siddha Mahajan, Background paper Governance of renewable energy in India: Issues and challenges, The Energy and Resource Institute, 2014.

[9] Government of India, Ministry for New and Renewable Energy, mnre.gov.in/ireda, (June 10, 2019).

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[12] Government of India, Ministry for New and Renewable Energy, mnre.gov.in (June 10, 2019).

[13] Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, www.cercind.gov.in/serc.html, (June 10, 2019).

[15] Government of India, Ministry of Power, powermin.nic.in/en/content/national-electricity-policy, (June 10, 2019).

[16] Renewable Energy Regulatory Framework, mnre.gov.in, (June 10, 2019).

[17] Section 63. (Determination of tariff by bidding process): Notwithstanding anything contained in section 62, the Appropriate Commission shall adopt the tariff if such tariff has been determined through transparent process of bidding in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Central Government.

[18] Planning Commission of India, Government of India, “Integrated Energy Policy Report of the Expert Commitment”, http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/genrep/rep_intengy.pdf, (April 24, 2019).

[19] Anjali Viswamohanan and Kanika Chawla, “NITI Aayog's Draft Energy Policy Fuels Doubts about India's Commitment to Renewables”, thewire.in/environment/niti-aayog-draft-energy-policy-thermal-power (April 24, 2019).

[20] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “The State of Play of the Clean Development Mechanism Review of Barriers and Potential Ways Forward”, unctad.org,(April 24, 2019).

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[27] Government of India, Ministry for New and Renewable Energy, mnre.gov.in (June 10, 2019).

[28] Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, www.cercind.gov.in, (June 11, 2019).

[29] Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, Unleashing the Potential of Renewable Energy in India, http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in,(June 11, 2019).

[30] Power System Operation Corporation Ltd, Corporate Plan 2017-18, posoco.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Corporate-Plan-2017-18.pdf, (June 11, 2019).

[1] PUBLICATION DIVISION, INDIA 2020: REFERENCE ANNUAL BOOK5(Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting 2020).

[2]Ahmed, F., Ali, I., Kousar, S. et al. The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment: empirical evidence from Asia-Pacific region. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 29778–29792 (2022).

[4]The Investopedia team, What Is Capitalism: Varieties, History, Pros & Cons, Socialism, Investopedia, (Apr. 23, 2023, 3:28 PM), https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalism.asp

[5]Philippe Sands, Principles of International Environmental Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) at 524

[7]STEVEN LEVY, Neal Stephenson Named the Metaverse. Now, He’s Building It, WIRED, (Apr. 23, 2023, 07:43 PM), https://www.wired.com/story/plaintext-neal-stephenson-named-the-metaverse-now-hes-building-it/

[13]Urs Hölzle, Announcing ‘round-the-clock clean energy for cloud, Google Cloud, (Apr. 29, 2023, 12:19 AM)

[14]Karen Hao, Training a single AI model can emit as much carbon as five cars in their lifetimes, MIT technology Review, (Last visited Apr. 24, 2023, 11:53 AM) https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/06/06/239031/training-a-single-ai-model-can-emit-as-much-carbon-as-five-cars-in-their-lifetimes/

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[1]Michael Waldron, Commentary: Energy is at the heart of India’s transformation, www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/april/commentary-energy-is-at-the-heart-of-indias-transformation.html (April 23, 2019).

[2] Talai Husseini, World Energy Outlook 2018: five take-homes for fossil fuels, www.power-technology.com/features/world-energy-outlook-2018-fossil-fuels/ (April 23, 2019).

[19] Anjali Viswamohanan and Kanika Chawla, “NITI Aayog's Draft Energy Policy Fuels Doubts about India's Commitment to Renewables”, thewire.in/environment/niti-aayog-draft-energy-policy-thermal-power (April 24, 2019).

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